Consider the interdomain topology shown in the figure below.
In this network, what are the paths :
from AS1 to AS4
from AS4 to AS2
from AS4 to AS1
Consider the interdomain topology shown in the figure below. Assuming, that AS1 advertises prefix 2001:db8:1::/48, AS2 prefix 2001:db8:2::/48, … compute the routing tables of the different ASes.
Are all ASes capable of reaching all the other ASes in this simple Internet ?
Consider the interdomain topology shown in the figure below. Assuming, that AS1 advertises prefix 2001:db8:1::/48, AS2 prefix 2001:db8:2::/48, … compute the routing tables of the different ASes.
In this internet, some ASes cannot reach all other ASes. Can you fix the problem by adding one shared-cost peering link or one customer-provider peering link ?
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Consider the network below in which a stub domain, AS456, is connected to two providers AS123 and AS789. AS456 advertises its prefix to both its providers. On the other hand, AS123 advertises 2001:db8:dead::/48 while AS789 advertises 2001:db8:beef::/48 and 2001:db8:dead:cafe::/63. Via which provider will the packets destined to 2001:db8:dead:cafe::1 will be received by AS456 ?
Should AS123 change its configuration ?
Consider that the AS stub (AS456) shown in the figure below decides to advertise two /48 prefixes instead of its allocated /47 prefix.
Via which provider does AS456 receive the packets destined to 2001:db8:caff::bb and 2001:db8:cafe::aa ?
How is the reachability of these addresses affected when link R1-R3 fails ?
Propose a configuration on R1 that achieves the same objective as the one shown in the figure but also preserves the reachability of all IP addresses inside AS456 if one of AS456’s interdomain links fails.
Consider the network shown below. In this network, the metric of each link is set to 1 except link A-B whose metric is set to 4 in both directions. In this network, there are two paths with the same cost between D and C. Old routers would randomly select one of these equal cost paths and install it in their forwarding table. Recent routers are able to use up to N equal cost paths towards the same destination.
On recent routers, a lookup in the forwarding table for a destination address returns a set of outgoing interfaces. How would you design an algorithm that selects the outgoing interface used for each packet, knowing that to avoid reordering, all segments of a given TCP connection should follow the same path ?
A traceroute6 towards ipv6.google.com provides the following output :
traceroute6 to ipv6.l.google.com (2a00:1450:4009:800::1001) from 2a02:2788:2c4:16f:5099:ccba:671d:e085, 64 hops max, 12 byte packets1 2a02:2788:2c4:16f:a221:b7ff:fed8:aa90 4.777 ms 1.189 ms 1.023 ms2 2a02:2788:2c0::1 8.746 ms 7.934 ms 10.024 ms3 2a02:2788:2c0:3::1 10.039 ms 14.967 ms 8.943 ms4 2a02:2788:ffff:12::1 9.808 ms 11.076 ms 13.658 ms5 xe-4-2.r00.brslbe01.be.bb.gin.ntt.net 10.043 ms 10.408 ms 9.551 ms6 ae-10.r02.amstnl02.nl.bb.gin.ntt.net 15.591 ms 18.416 ms 15.665 ms7 core1.ams.net.google.com 21.259 ms 24.261 ms 20.826 ms8 2001:4860::1:0:4b3 19.134 ms 2001:4860::1:0:8 22.208 ms 2001:4860::1:0:4b3 19.713 ms9 2001:4860::8:0:519f 26.712 ms 2001:4860::8:0:51a0 25.313 ms 19.392 ms10 2001:4860::8:0:5bb8 24.197 ms 2001:4860::8:0:5bb9 25.337 ms 26.264 ms11 2001:4860::1:0:3067 29.431 ms 31.585 ms 29.260 ms12 2001:4860:0:1::9 24.806 ms 24.297 ms 23.819 ms13 lhr14s23-in-x01.1e100.net 29.406 ms 25.729 ms 29.160 ms
Can you explain why at the eighth, ninth and tenth hopes several IPv6 addresses are reported in the traceroute6 output ?
Section 3.3 of RFC 4443 explains two different reasons why an IPv6 enabled device could generate an ICMPv6 Time Exceeded message. Explain when a router could generate such a message with Code==0 and when a host could generate such a message with Code==1.
Section 3.1 of RFC 4443 seven different Codes for the ICMPv6 Destination Unreachable Message. Under which circumstances would a router generate such an ICMPv6 message with :
Code==0
An ICMPv6 error message includes in its message body the beginning of the IPv6 packet that triggered this error. How many bytes of the original packet must be returned to allow the host to recover the original source and destination addresses and source and destination ports of the packet that caused the error ?
